The 10 most commonly diagnosed cancers are prostate, female breast, lung, colorectal (colon), uterine, bladder, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, melanomas of the skin, kidney and renal pelvis, and ovarian cancer. A person's cancer risk can be reduced by adopting a healthy lifestyle, avoiding tobacco use, getting the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, increasing physical activity, achieving and maintaining optimal weight, improving nutrition, and avoiding sun exposure.

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is the virus that causes AIDS. AIDS stands for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome – so the disease develops from contact with HIV characterized by a weakening of the immune system allowing the development of certain infections and/or cancers. HIV is a world wide problem.

After a severe Human Pappiloma Virus (HPV) infection, Dede Koswara, a 35-year-old Indonesian fisherman, was dubbed the “tree man” because of the gnarled warts all over his body. He first noticed the warts on his body after cutting his knee as a teenager. After his case received widespread publicity, donations from the public and government help allowed him to get treatment, and in 2008, six kilos of warts were surgically removed from his body.

Erupting during the final stages of World War I, this global disaster reinforced the era’s nihilism and apocalyptic visions of despair. Highly contagious and unusually virulent, the deadly flu circled the globe, taking its toll among the youngest and healthiest. Medicine was then only beginning to understand infectious diseases and to take modest steps towards diagnostics and therapy. Between 1918-19 it is estimated 50-100 Million died.

Malaria is a mosquito-borne disease caused by a parasite. People with malaria often experience fever, chills, and flu-like illness. Left untreated, they may develop severe complications and die. Each year 350-500 million cases of malaria occur worldwide, and over one million people die, most of them young children in Africa south of the Sahara.

Poliomyelitis (polio) is a highly infectious viral disease, which mainly affects young children. The virus is transmitted through contaminated food and water. In a small proportion of cases, the disease causes paralysis, which is often permanent. Polio can only be prevented by immunization.

Smallpox killed an estimated 60 million Europeans, including five reigning European monarchs, in the 18th century alone. Up to 30% of those infected, including 80% of the children under 5 years of age, died from the disease, and one third of the survivors became blind. To this day, smallpox is the only humaninfectious disease to have been completely eradicated from nature.

The incubation period for Ebola HF ranges from 2 to 21 days. The onset of illness is abrupt and is characterized by fever, headache, joint and muscle aches, sore throat, and weakness, followed by diarrhea, vomiting, and stomach pain. A rash, red eyes, hiccups and internal and external bleeding may be seen in some patients. Death rates vary form 50% -70% per outbreak.

Cholera is an acute, diarrheal illness caused by infection of the intestine with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. The infection is often mild or without symptoms, but sometimes it can be severe. Approximately one in 20 infected persons has severe disease characterized by profuse watery diarrhea, vomiting, and leg cramps. In these persons, rapid loss of body fluids leads to dehydration and shock. Without treatment, death can occur within hours.

Plague is a life-threatening flea borne disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. The most common clinical form is bubonic plague, which is characterized by high fever and regional lymphadenitis. African countries accounted for nearly 90% of the 28,530 plague cases reported to the World Health Organization during the most recent 10-year reporting period (1994-2003).

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